PMC

Example of a supplemental feeder used in this study to quantify feeder use by Black‐capped Chickadees in a Mediterranean climate in Corvallis, Oregon, USA. The light blue PIT tag is evident on the chickadee's left leg, but the aluminum leg band and colored plastic leg band on the bird's right leg is out of sight in this image. Note that the wire mesh trap attached to the feeder for capturing birds has been removed in this photograph for clarity

Superior Propagation of Human PBNK Cells by 221-mIL-21 Cells among Different Types of Feeder Cells
(A) Schematic representation of recombinant retroviral vector encoding the extracellular domain of human IL-21. (B) Schematic representation of primary human NK cell expansion with membrane expressing IL-21 feeder cells. Feeder cells were irradiated with a dose of 100 Gy (10,000 rad), and then PBMCs were co-cultured with irradiated feeder cells with IL-2 and IL-15 for NK cell expansion. (C) Representative flow cytometry plots of the purity of NK cells expanded with different feeder cell systems at indicated days post-expansion. PBMCs were stimulated with irradiated K562, K562-mIL-21, 221, and 221-mIL-21 cells on day 0. The purities of NK cells were determined at the indicated time points. (D) Dynamic time-lapsed expansion data of the fold expansion of NK cells from 11 donors expanded with irradiated K562, K562-mIL-21, 221, and 221-mIL-21 feeder cells for the indicated time points. (E) Quantitative data of the fold expansion of NK cells from 11 donors expanded with irradiated feeder cells on day 21. (F) Dynamic time-lapsed expansion data of the purities of NK cells from 11 donors expanded with irradiated K562, K562-mIL-21, 221, and 221-mIL-21 feeder cells for 21 days. (G) Quantitative data of the purities of NK cells from 11 donors expanded with irradiated feeder cells on day 21. Means (solid lines) with 95% confidence interval (CI) (gray band) are indicated in (D) and (F). ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001. Error bars represent the Standard Error of the Mean (SEM).

Testing the sensitivity of PCR to detect a single positive ES cell colony amongst a large pool of negatives and feeder cells. One half of one positive control ES cell colony is spiked into a pool of known negatives with feeder cells (a) and is detectable by PCR (b) expected band size indicated at the left

Temporal decoding to times before triggering the left or right feeder. Panels (A) and (D) represent decoding to ‘time from left feeder activation’ (time t = 0) when the virtual animal turns correctly or incorrectly toward left reward, respectively. Panels (B, C) are similar representations for ‘time from right feeder activation’ (time t = 0) when the virtual animal turns correctly or incorrectly toward right reward, respectively. Band patterns are visible when the virtual rat occupies pre- and post-choice point regions. Here, the virtual animal is not performing look-ahead scans, but is running through grid fields. At the choice point, the virtual rat performs multiple look-ahead scans prior to running to the reward site visible via elevated decoding probability up to t = 0.